Physical and Dosimetric Characterization of Silicone Rubber–Silver Composite Bolus for Electron Beam Radiotherapy at 9 MeV

Tri Setiyo Utami, Heri Sutanto, Eko Hidayanto, Adnan Cindyana, Gita Nubuwwah Harahap

Abstract


Bolus adalah bahan setara jaringan yang digunakan dalam radioterapi untuk meningkatkan dosis permukaan dengan menggeser kedalaman dosis maksimum (zₘₐₓ) ke arah permukaan kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan dan menyalakan bolus komposit Karet Silikon–Perak (SR–Ag) dengan konsentrasi Ag 10% sebagai bahan kandidat untuk terapi berkas elektron. Bolus disintesis menggunakan karet silikon RTV52, perak (Ag), dan PEG 4000, diikuti dengan pencampuran mekanis dan homogenisasi ultrasonik. Karakterisasi meliputi pengukuran densitas, analisis komposisi elemen menggunakan SEM–EDX, dan penentuan Relative Electron Density (RED) melalui pencitraan CT-simulator. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bolus SR–Ag 10% memiliki densitas 1,19 g/cm³, nilai RED 1,11, dan komposisi Ag aktual 11,37%, yang mengkonfirmasi keberhasilan pengikatan pengisi logam ke dalam matriks silikon. Pengujian dosis permukaan menggunakan berkas elektron 9 MeV menunjukkan peningkatan dari 81,78 cGy (tanpa bolus) menjadi 89,46 cGy (dengan bolus SR–Ag). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa bolus secara efektif meningkatkan deposisi energi permukaan tanpa mengubah keseimbangan jaringan secara signifikan. Secara keseluruhan, bolus SR–Ag 10% menunjukkan karakteristik fisik, struktural, dan radiologis yang mendukung kesesuaiannya sebagai bahan bolus untuk aplikasi radioterapi superfisial.


Keywords


Silicone Rubber-Silver (SR-Ag) Bolus, Electron Beam Radiotherapy, Surface Dose Value

Full Text:

PDF

References


World Heath Organization. "Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018", 2018.

H. Sung et al., “Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries,” CA A Cancer J Clinicians, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 209–249, May 2021, doi: 10.3322/caac.21660.

H. Afrina Sianturi, J. Marbun, . Ikhwanuddin, . Azhari, and L. Sidauruk, “Utilization of Alginate Powder Strenged with Silicon Rubber as Composite Bolus Material for Radiotheraphy 8 Mev Energy:,” in Proceedings of the 1st International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics, Medan, Indonesia: SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019, pp. 209–213. doi: 10.5220/0010139200002775.

L. C. Leony, V. F. Hanif, E. Defira, S. O. Oktamuliani, A. Muttaqin, and M. Ilyas, “Comparison of Absorbed Dose in Plasticine Bolus and Silicone Rubber Bolus,” J. Phys.: Theor. Appl., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 25, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v6i1.59117.

H. Sutanto et al., “The Properties of Bolus Material using Silicone Rubber,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 622, no. 1, p. 012002, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012002.

S. Y. Astuti, H. Sutanto, E. Hidayanto, G. W. Jaya, A. S. Supratman, and G. P. Saraswati, “Characteristics of Bolus Using Silicone Rubber with Silica Composites for Electron Beam Radiotherapy,” J. Phys. Appl., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 24, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.14710/jpa.v1i1.3914.

H. Azmi Fathin, H. Sutanto, and E. Hidayanto, “Fabrication of Bolus from Composite of Silicone Rubber (SR) - Copper (Cu) for Radiotherapy Application,” IJSR, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 730–734, June 2021, doi: 10.21275/SR21608081053.

G. W. Jaya, H. Sutanto, E. Hidayanto, and G. P. Saraswati, “Studi Penggunaan Bolus Berbahan Silicone Rubber terhadap Dosis Permukaan pada Radioterapi Berkas Elektron,” PPJ, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 15, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.30872/ppj.v1i1.561.

X. Chen et al., “Physical and Dosimetric Characterization of Silicone Rubber Bolus for Head Photon-Beam Radiotherapy,” Technol Cancer Res Treat, vol. 23, p. 15330338241293267, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1177/15330338241293267.

E. Endarko, “Evaluation of Dosimetric Properties of Handmade Bolus for Megavoltage Electron and Photon Radiation Therapy,” J Biomed Phys Eng, vol. 11, no. 06, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2004-1108.

Nurul Hidayatullah et al., “Evaluation of Elasticity, Dose Reduction, and Image Quality on Sr-Pb Shield for Thoracic CT Examination,” IJSRST, pp. 154–160, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.32628/IJSRST5231064.

D. E. Marx and D. J. Barillo, “Silver in medicine: The basic science,” Burns, vol. 40, pp. S9–S18, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.09.010.

N. Restuccia and L. Torrisi, “Nanoparticles generated by laser in liquids as contrast medium and radiotherapy intensifiers,” EPJ Web of Conferences, vol. 167, p. 04007, 2018, doi: 10.1051/epjconf/201816704007.

H. A. Sianturi et al., “Characterization of physical, mechanical and dosimetric properties of radiotherapy bolus made from silicone rubber and epoxy resin,” Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 229, p. 112525, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112525.

W. Winarno, “Radioterapi Kanker Cervix Dengan Linear Accelerator (LINAC),” JBP, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 75, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.20473/jbp.v23i2.2021.75-86.

N. Fitriatuzzakiyyah, R. K. Sinuraya, Departemen Farmakologi dan Farmasi Klinik, Fakultas Farmasi, I. M. Puspitasari, and Departemen Farmakologi dan Farmasi Klinik, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia, “Cancer Therapy with Radiation: The Basic Concept of Radiotherapy and Its Development in Indonesia,” Indones J Clin Pharm, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 311–320, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.15416/ijcp.2017.6.4.311.

A. Handoko and E. Hidayanto, “Analysis of dose verification accuracy using acomparison between a standard phantom and a replica phantom,” vol. 07, no. 1.

D. Kong et al., “Effect of bolus materials on dose deposition in deep tissues during electron beam radiotherapy,” Journal of Radiation Research, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 215–222, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1093/jrr/rrae001.

E. B. Podgorsak, “Radiation Oncology Physics:”.

A. Jerrin and V. Ramasubramanian, “Surface dose and build-up region depth dose measurements in non-standard beams of Cyberknife and tomotherapy systems,” Radiol Phys Technol, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 309–317, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12194-021-00629-z.

H. Setiawan, “Analisis Dosis Keluaran Berkas Foton dan Elektron Energi Tinggi Pesawat Linac Elekta Precise 5991 Berdasarkan Code of Practice IAEA TRS 398,” 2016.

A. Hariyanto, F. Mariyam, L. Almira, E. Endarko, and B. S, “Fabrication And Characterization Of Bolus Material Using Propylene Glycol For Radiation Therapy,” Iran J Med Phys, no. Online First, July 2019, doi: 10.22038/ijmp.2019.39798.1537.

H. A. Sianturi et al., “Enhancing Radiotherapy Bolus Characteristics through Comparative Analysis of Added Sawdust and Bagasse Powder: A Comprehensive Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 2733, no. 1, p. 012022, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2733/1/012022.

K. Abidin, “Effect of anneling time variation on Ag mass percentage based on EDX spectroscopy analysis,” 2023.

D. Zdremtan, L. Calu, C. V. Mihali, I. M. Tusa, F. Dumitrache, C. A. Cotoraci, D. Bratosin, “Characterization of human erythrocytes as carriers for iron nanoparticles,” Rom Biotechnol Lett., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1378–1386, Apr. 2020, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Arad, Romania doi: 10.25083/rbl/25.2/1378.1386.

International Atomic Energy Agency, "Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy, Rev. 1. in Technical Reports Series. International Atomic Energy Agency, 2024. doi: 10.61092/iaea.ve7q-y94k.

Y. S. Shin, S. J. Byun, B. Kim, and M. Kim, “Assessing the Reliability of 3D-Printed Custom Silicone Boluses in Radiotherapy: Thickness and Air Bubble Considerations,” Applied Sciences, vol. 15, no. 19, p. 10486, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.3390/app151910486.

C. Zhang, W. Lewin, A. Cullen, D. Thommen, and R. Hill, “Evaluation of 3D-printed bolus for radiotherapy using megavoltage X-ray beams,” Radiol Phys Technol, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 414–421, Sept. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12194-023-00727-0.

F. M. Khan and J. P. Gibbons, Khan’s the physics of radiation therapy, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v55.1.7676

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Tri Setiyo Utami

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.