Advancements in Understanding Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Review

Maged Naser, Mohamed M. Nasr, Lamia H. Shehata

Abstract


Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect. It greatly impacts how the lungs and heart develop. Knowing about these defects, where they come from, and their effects matters for research. It also matters for improving CDH treatments. Recent studies in metabolomics and genomics have taught us more about CDH's causes. These studies suggest new ways to diagnose and treat the condition. Information on CDH is limited. Therefore, we reviewed existing research to gather data and offer insights into this uncommon disease. A better grasp of CDH's molecular basis could improve diagnosis and treatment. This may lead to better results for patients. Finding biomarkers is vital for early disease detection and risk assessment. This allows for quick recognition and proper care. A full literature review helps turn research into practice. It is a key step in using new, better methods to manage CDH patients.


Keywords


Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH), Pulmonary Hypertension, Prostaglandin E1, Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), Ventricular Dysfunction, Biomarkers.

Full Text:

PDF

References


-Paoletti, Monica, et al. "Prevalence and risk factors for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a global view." Journal of pediatric surgery 55.11 (2020): 2297-2307.

-da-Costa-Santos, Juliana, and João Renato Bennini. "Imaging assessment of prognostic parameters in cases of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: integrative review." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia 44.04 (2022): 435-441.

-Kosiński, Przemysław, and Mirosław Wielgoś. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: pathogenesis, prenatal diagnosis and management—literature review." Ginekologia polska 88.1 (2017): 24-30.

-Eenjes, Evelien, et al. "Lung epithelium development and airway regeneration." Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 10 (2022): 1022457.

- Graziano, Joseph N., and Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. "Cardiac anomalies in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and their prognosis: a report from the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group." Journal of pediatric surgery 40.6 (2005): 1045-1050.

- Graziano, Joseph N., and Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. "Cardiac anomalies in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and their prognosis: a report from the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group." Journal of pediatric surgery 40.6 (2005): 1045-1050.

- Burgos, Carmen Mesas, et al. "Prenatally versus postnatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia–Side, stage, and outcome." Journal of pediatric surgery 54.4 (2019): 651-655.

- Burgos, Carmen Mesas, et al. "Right versus left congenital diaphragmatic hernia–What's the difference?." Journal of pediatric surgery 53.1 (2018): 113-117.

- Sydorak, R. M., et al. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and hydrops: a lethal association?." Journal of pediatric surgery 37.12 (2002): 1678-1680.

- Bendixen, Charlotte, Erwin Brosens, and Wendy Kay Chung. "Genetic diagnostic strategies and counseling for families affected by congenital diaphragmatic hernia." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 31.06 (2021): 472-481.

- Chandrasekharan, Praveen Kumar, et al. "Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia–a review." Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology 3 (2017): 1-16.

- Bendixen, C., and H. Reutter. "The Role of De Novo Variants in Patients with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Genes 2021, 12, 1405." 2021,

- Olutoye II, Oluyinka O., et al. "The cellular and molecular effects of fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Frontiers in pediatrics 10 (2022): 925106.

- Dalmer, Timothy RA, and Robin D. Clugston. "Gene ontology enrichment analysis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia-associated genes." Pediatric research 85.1 (2019): 13-19.

- Yu, Lan, et al. "The influence of genetics in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Seminars in perinatology. Vol. 44. No. 1. WB Saunders, 2020.

- Brosens, Erwin, et al. "Unraveling the genetics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an ongoing challenge." Frontiers in pediatrics 9 (2022): 800915.

- Verla, Mariatu A., Candace C. Style, and Oluyinka O. Olutoye. "Prenatal intervention for the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric surgery international 34 (2018): 579-587.

- Avena-Zampieri, Carla L., et al. "Assessment of the fetal lungs in utero." American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 4.5 (2022): 100693.

- El-Ali, Alexander Maad, Naomi A. Strubel, and Shailee V. Lala. "Congenital lung lesions: a radiographic pattern approach." Pediatric Radiology (2022): 1-15.

- Masahata, Kazunori, et al. "Prenatal predictors of mortality in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Pediatric surgery international 38.12 (2022): 1745-1757.

- Van Calster, Ben, et al. "The randomized Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung growth (TOTAL)-trials on fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: reanalysis using pooled data." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 226.4 (2022): 560-e1.

- Kirby, Eimear, and Richard Keijzer. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: current management strategies from antenatal diagnosis to long-term follow-up." Pediatric Surgery International 36 (2020): 415-429.

- Basurto, David, et al. "Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 58 (2019): 93-106.

- Amodeo, Ilaria, et al. "The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." European journal of pediatrics 181.9 (2022): 3243-3257.

- Dingeldein, Michael. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: management & outcomes." Advances in pediatrics 65.1 (2018): 241-247.

- Russo, Francesca Maria, et al. "Proposal for standardized prenatal ultrasound assessment of the fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia by the European reference network on rare inherited and congenital anomalies (ERNICA)." Prenatal diagnosis 38.9 (2018): 629-637. [27]- Bebbington, M., et al. "Comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging parameters in predicting survival in isolated left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 43.6 (2014): 670-674.

- Bebbington, M., et al. "Comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging parameters in predicting survival in isolated left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 43.6 (2014): 670-674.

- Perrone, Erin E., et al. "Image-based prenatal predictors correlate with postnatal survival, extracorporeal life support use, and defect size in left congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of Perinatology 42.9 (2022): 1195-1201.

- Schaible, T., et al. "Prediction of chronic lung disease, survival and need for ECMO therapy in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: additional value of fetal MRI measurements?." European journal of radiology 81.5 (2012): 1076-1082.

- Ding, Wen, et al. "Prenatal MRI assessment of mediastinal shift angle as a feasible and effective risk stratification tool in isolated right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia." European Radiology 34.3 (2024): 1524-1533.

- Lazar, David A., et al. "Defining “liver-up”: does the volume of liver herniation predict outcome for fetuses with isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia?." Journal of pediatric surgery 47.6 (2012): 1058-1062.

- Mehollin-Ray, Amy R. "Prenatal lung volumes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia and their effect on postnatal outcomes." Pediatric Radiology 52.4 (2022): 637-642.

- Chatterjee, Debnath, Richard J. Ing, and Jason Gien. "Update on congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 131.3 (2020): 808-821.

- Zani, Augusto, et al. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Nature Reviews Disease Primers 8.1 (2022): 37.

- Cordier, Anne-Gael, et al. "Prenatal diagnosis, imaging, and prognosis in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Seminars in perinatology. Vol. 44. No. 1. WB Saunders, 2020.

- Patel, Neil, et al. "The heart in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: knowns, unknowns, and future priorities." Frontiers in Pediatrics 10 (2022): 890422.

- Marini, Davide, et al. "MR imaging of the fetal heart." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 51.4 (2020): 1030-1044.

- Udine, Michelle, et al. "The current state and potential innovation of fetal cardiac MRI." Frontiers in Pediatrics 11 (2023): 1219091.

- Roy, Christopher W., et al. "Fetal cardiac MRI: a review of technical advancements." Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 28.5 (2019): 235-244.

- Deprest, Jan A., et al. "Randomized trial of fetal surgery for severe left diaphragmatic hernia." New England Journal of Medicine 385.2 (2021): 107-118.

- Deprest, Jan A., et al. "Randomized trial of fetal surgery for moderate left diaphragmatic hernia." New England journal of medicine 385.2 (2021): 119-129.

- Snoek, Kitty G., et al. "Standardized postnatal management of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: the CDH EURO consortium consensus-2015 update." Neonatology 110.1 (2016): 66-74.

- Kashyap, Aidan, et al. "Antenatal medical therapies to improve lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American Journal of Perinatology 35.09 (2018): 823-836.

- Williams, Emma, and Anne Greenough. "Respiratory support of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Frontiers in Pediatrics 9 (2021): 808317.

[[45]- Poole, Grace, Sandeep Shetty, and Anne Greenough. "The use of neurally-adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 50.9 (2022): 1163-1167.

- Patel, Neil, Anna Claudia Massolo, and Florian Kipfmueller. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia-associated cardiac dysfunction." Seminars in perinatology. Vol. 44. No. 1. WB Saunders, 2020.

[[47]- Sanchez Mejia, Aura A., and Nathan J. Rodgers. "Evaluation and monitoring of pulmonary hypertension in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 21 (2019): 1-17.

- Johng, Sandy, et al. "Unique cardiopulmonary interactions in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: physiology and therapeutic implications." Neoreviews 24.11 (2023): e720-e732.

- Harting, Matthew T., and Kevin P. Lally. "The congenital diaphragmatic hernia study group registry update." Seminars in fetal and neonatal medicine. Vol. 19. No. 6. WB Saunders, 2014.

- Kido, Saki, et al. "Re‐evaluation of lung to thorax transverse area ratio immediately before birth in predicting postnatal short‐term outcomes of fetuses with isolated left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A single center analysis." Congenital Anomalies 58.3 (2018): 87-92.

- Illescas, Tamara, et al. "The quantitative lung index and the prediction of survival in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 198 (2016): 145-148.

- Lauriti, Giuseppe, et al. "Open versus laparoscopic approach for Morgagni's hernia in infants and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques 28.7 (2018): 888-893.

- Harting, Matthew T., and Tim Jancelewicz. "Surgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Clinics in Perinatology 49.4 (2022): 893-906.

- Rideout, Drew A., and Mark Wulkan. "Thoracoscopic neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: how we do it." Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques 31.10 (2021): 1168-1174.

- Quigley, Conall P., and Semiu E. Folaranmi. "A systematic review comparing the surgical outcomes of open versus minimally invasive surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair." Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques 33.2 (2023): 211-219.

- Russo, Francesca M., et al. "What should we tell parents? Congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Prenatal Diagnosis 42.3 (2022): 398-407.

- Heiwegen, Kim, Ivo de Blaauw, and Sanne MBI Botden. "A systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical morbidity of primary versus patch repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients." Scientific Reports 11.1 (2021): 12661.

- Han, Xiao-Yue, Leigh Taryn Selesner, and Marilyn W. Butler. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: considerations for the adult general surgeon." Surgical Clinics 102.5 (2022): 739-757.

- Burgos, Carmen Mesas, Björn Frenckner, and Lars Mikael Broman. "Premature and extracorporeal life support: is it time? A systematic review." ASAIO Journal 68.5 (2022): 633-645.

- Rafat, Neysan, and Thomas Schaible. "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Frontiers in pediatrics 7 (2019): 336.

- Kanade, Rahul, Sherif Shazly, and Rodrigo Ruano. "Interventions and neonatal outcomes of fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review." The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 35.21 (2022): 4184-4189.

- Bathgate, Jennifer R., et al. "Nutrition interventions associated with favorable growth in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 36.2 (2021): 406-413.

- Murphy, Heidi J., Carolyn W. Finch, and Sarah N. Taylor. "Neonatal extracorporeal life support: a review of nutrition considerations." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 33.5 (2018): 625-632.

- De Leon, Nolan, et al. "Embryology and anatomy of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Seminars in Pediatric Surgery. Vol. 31. No. 6. WB Saunders, 2022.

- Keijzer, Richard, et al. "Dual-hit hypothesis explains pulmonary hypoplasia in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." The American journal of pathology 156.4 (2000): 1299-1306.

- Chandrasekharan, Praveen Kumar, et al. "Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia–a review." Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology 3 (2017): 1-16.

- Meng, Chu‐Yi, et al. "Pathological findings in congenital diaphragmatic hernia on necropsy studies: A single‐center case series." Pediatric Pulmonology 58.9 (2023): 2628-2636.

- Stainsby, Andrew V., et al. "Effect of prenatal diaphragmatic hernia on pulmonary arterial morphology." The Anatomical Record 308.4 (2025): 1082-1093.

- Horn-Oudshoorn, Emily JJ, et al. "Vascular reactivity is altered in the placentas of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Placenta 145 (2024): 51-59.

- Antounians, Lina, and Augusto Zani. "Beyond the diaphragm and the lung: a multisystem approach to understanding congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric surgery international 39.1 (2023): 194.

- Pelizzo, Gloria, et al. "Cardiac adaptation to severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Fetal and Pediatric Pathology 35.1 (2016): 10-20.

- Qiao, Lu, et al. "Likely damaging de novo variants in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients are associated with worse clinical outcomes." Genetics in Medicine 22.12 (2020): 2020-2028.

- Zaiss, Inka, et al. "Associated malformations in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American journal of perinatology 28.03 (2011): 211-218.

- Schreiner, Yannick, et al. "aCGH analysis reveals novel mutations associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia plus (CDH+)." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12.19 (2023): 6111.

- Gurunluoglu, Kubilay, et al. "Global gene expression profiling in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) patients." FUNCTIONAL & INTEGRATIVE GENOMICS 22.3 (2022): 359-369.

- Qiao, Lu, et al. "Rare and de novo variants in 827 congenital diaphragmatic hernia probands implicate LONP1 as candidate risk gene." The American Journal of Human Genetics 108.10 (2021): 1964-1980.

- Boateng, Eistine, and Susanne Krauss-Etschmann. "miRNAs in lung development and diseases." International journal of molecular sciences 21.8 (2020): 2765.

- Tang, Fuchou, et al. "Maternal microRNAs are essential for mouse zygotic development." Genes & development 21.6 (2007): 644-648.

- Ma, Haixia, et al. "MicroRNA-127 promotes mesendoderm differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by targeting left-right determination factor 2." Journal of Biological Chemistry 291.23 (2016): 12126-12135.

- Carraro, Gianni, et al. "miR-142-3p balances proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells during lung development." Development 141.6 (2014): 1272-1281.

- Carraro, Gianni, et al. "miR-17 family of microRNAs controls FGF10-mediated embryonic lung epithelial branching morphogenesis through MAPK14 and STAT3 regulation of E-Cadherin distribution." Developmental biology 333.2 (2009): 238-250.

- Sanford, Ethan L., et al. "MiR-449a affects epithelial proliferation during the pseudoglandular and canalicular phases of avian and mammal lung development." PloS one 11.2 (2016): e0149425.

- Ruiz‐Camp, Jordi, et al. "Targeting miR‐34a/Pdgfra interactions partially corrects alveologenesis in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia." EMBO molecular medicine 11.3 (2019): e9448.

- Lal, Charitharth Vivek, et al. "Exosomal microRNA predicts and protects against severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely premature infants." JCI insight 3.5 (2018): e93994.

- Zhang, Yuhao, et al. "MicroRNA-30a as a candidate underlying sex-specific differences in neonatal hyperoxic lung injury: implications for BPD." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 316.1 (2019): L144-L156.

- Yuan, Hua‐Shu, et al. "MicroRNA‐421 inhibition alleviates bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a mouse model via targeting Fgf10." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 120.10 (2019): 16876-16887.

- Pugnaloni, Flaminia, et al. "Role of microRNAs in congenital diaphragmatic hernia-associated pulmonary hypertension." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24.7 (2023): 6656.

- Gupta, Vikas S., and Matthew T. Harting. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia-associated pulmonary hypertension." Seminars in perinatology. Vol. 44. No. 1. WB Saunders, 2020.

- Herrera-Rivero, Marisol, et al. "Circulating microRNAs are associated with pulmonary hypertension and development of chronic lung disease in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Scientific Reports 8.1 (2018): 10735.

- Fabietti, Isabella, et al. "Extracellular vesicles and their miRNA content in amniotic and tracheal fluids of fetuses with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia undergoing fetal intervention." Cells 10.6 (2021): 1493.

- Pereira-Terra, Patrícia, et al. "Unique tracheal fluid microRNA signature predicts response to FETO in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Annals of surgery 262.6 (2015): 1130-1140.

- Piersigilli, Fiammetta, et al. "An omic approach to congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a pilot study of genomic, microRNA, and metabolomic profiling." Journal of perinatology 40.6 (2020): 952-961.

- Khoshgoo, Naghmeh, et al. "Prenatal microRNA miR-200b therapy improves nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Annals of surgery 269.5 (2019): 979-987.

- Dobrinskikh, Evgenia, et al. "Heterogeneous response in rabbit fetal diaphragmatic hernia lungs after tracheal occlusion." Journal of Surgical Research 250 (2020): 23-38.

- Romero-Lopez, Maria del Mar, et al. "Lung metabolomics profiling of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in fetal rats." Metabolites 11.3 (2021): 177.

- Romero-Lopez, Mar, et al. "Fetal lung hypoxia and energetic cell failure in the nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia rat model." Pediatric surgery international 39.1 (2023): 180.

- Brosens, Erwin, et al. "Unraveling the genetics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an ongoing challenge." Frontiers in pediatrics 9 (2022): 800915.

- Croitor-Sava, Anca, et al. "High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy discriminates amniotic fluid of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia from healthy controls." Journal of proteome research 14.11 (2015): 4502-4510.

- Wagner, Richard, et al. "Proteomic profiling of hypoplastic lungs suggests an underlying inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of abnormal lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Annals of Surgery 278.2 (2023): e411-e421.

- Tachi, Asuka, et al. "A proteome signature of umbilical cord serum associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Nagoya journal of medical science 82.2 (2020): 345.

- Li, Xue, et al. "Tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic analysis of fetal lungs revealed differential expression of tight junction proteins in a rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 121 (2020): 109621.

- Li, Xue, et al. "Tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic analysis of fetal lungs revealed differential expression of tight junction proteins in a rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 121 (2020): 109621.

- Li, Xue, et al. "Tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic analysis of fetal lungs revealed differential expression of tight junction proteins in a rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 121 (2020): 109621.

- Sakamoto, Seiichi, et al. "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative/qualitative analysis of plant secondary metabolites." Journal of natural medicines 72 (2018): 32-42.

- Fleck, Shannon, et al. "Fetal production of growth factors and inflammatory mediators predicts pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric research 74.3 (2013): 290-298.

- Patel, Neil, et al. "Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A and placental growth factor: novel biomarkers of pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 308.4 (2015): L378-L383.

- Okawada, Manabu, et al. "Serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric surgery international 23 (2007): 487-491.

- Dingemann, Jens, et al. "Abnormal platelet-derived growth factor signaling accounting for lung hypoplasia in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 45.10 (2010): 1989-1994.

- Nisbet, Rachel E., et al. "Rosiglitazone attenuates chronic hypoxia–induced pulmonary hypertension in a mouse model." American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 42.4 (2010): 482-490.

- Gosemann, Jan-H., et al. "Increased activation of NADPH oxidase 4 in the pulmonary vasculature in experimental diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric surgery international 29 (2013): 3-8.

- A.D. Hofmann, F. Friedmacher, T. Takahashi, J.H. Gosemann, P. Puri

Increased pulmonary vascular expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia

J. Pediatr. Surg., 50 (5) (2015), pp. 746-749, 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.02.024

(Epub 20150220, PubMed PMID: 25783380)

- Kipfmueller, Florian, et al. "Expression of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is associated with disease severity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 316.6 (2019): L1061-L1069.

- Baker, Christopher D., et al. "Cord blood endothelial colony-forming cells from newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." The Journal of pediatrics 163.3 (2013): 905-907.

- Fujinaga, Hideshi, et al. "Cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cell function is disrupted in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 310.11 (2016): L1143-L1154.

- Schroeder, Lukas, et al. "CA125: a novel cardiac biomarker for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric Research 93.3 (2023): 682-688.

- Khoshgoo, Naghmeh, et al. "Prenatal microRNA miR-200b therapy improves nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Annals of surgery 269.5 (2019): 979-987.

- Dobrinskikh, Evgenia, et al. "Heterogeneous response in rabbit fetal diaphragmatic hernia lungs after tracheal occlusion." Journal of Surgical Research 250 (2020): 23-38.

- Romero-Lopez, Maria del Mar, et al. "Lung metabolomics profiling of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in fetal rats." Metabolites 11.3 (2021): 177.

- Romero-Lopez, Mar, et al. "Fetal lung hypoxia and energetic cell failure in the nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia rat model." Pediatric surgery international 39.1 (2023): 180.

- Croitor-Sava, Anca, et al. "High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy discriminates amniotic fluid of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia from healthy controls." Journal of proteome research 14.11 (2015): 4502-4510.

- Wagner, Richard, et al. "Proteomic profiling of hypoplastic lungs suggests an underlying inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of abnormal lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Annals of Surgery 278.2 (2023): e411-e421.

- Tachi, Asuka, et al. "A proteome signature of umbilical cord serum associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Nagoya journal of medical science 82.2 (2020): 345.

- Li, Xue, et al. "Tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic analysis of fetal lungs revealed differential expression of tight junction proteins in a rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 121 (2020): 109621.

- Peiro, Jose Luis, et al. "Proteomic profiling of tracheal fluid in an ovine model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and fetal tracheal occlusion." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 315.6 (2018): L1028-L1041.

- Buczyńska, Angelika, et al. "Novel approaches to an integrated route for trisomy 21 evaluation." Biomolecules 11.9 (2021): 1328.

- Sakamoto, Seiichi, et al. "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative/qualitative analysis of plant secondary metabolites." Journal of natural medicines 72 (2018): 32-42.

- Fleck, Shannon, et al. "Fetal production of growth factors and inflammatory mediators predicts pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric research 74.3 (2013): 290-298.

- Patel, Neil, et al. "Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A and placental growth factor: novel biomarkers of pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 308.4 (2015): L378-L383.

- Okawada, Manabu, et al. "Serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric surgery international 23 (2007): 487-491.

- Dingemann, Jens, et al. "Abnormal platelet-derived growth factor signaling accounting for lung hypoplasia in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 45.10 (2010): 1989-1994.

- Nisbet, Rachel E., et al. "Rosiglitazone attenuates chronic hypoxia–induced pulmonary hypertension in a mouse model." American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 42.4 (2010): 482-490.

- Gosemann, Jan-H., et al. "Increased activation of NADPH oxidase 4 in the pulmonary vasculature in experimental diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric surgery international 29 (2013): 3-8.

- Hofmann, Alejandro D., et al. "Increased pulmonary vascular expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 50.5 (2015): 746-749.

- Kipfmueller, Florian, et al. "Expression of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is associated with disease severity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 316.6 (2019): L1061-L1069.

- Baker, Christopher D., et al. "Cord blood endothelial colony-forming cells from newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." The Journal of pediatrics 163.3 (2013): 905-907.

- Fujinaga, Hideshi, et al. "Cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cell function is disrupted in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 310.11 (2016): L1143-L1154.

- Schroeder, Lukas, et al. "CA125: a novel cardiac biomarker for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric Research 93.3 (2023): 682-688.

- Zhu, Qihui, et al. "Systematic analysis of copy number variation associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.20 (2018): 5247-5252.

- Wild, K. Taylor, et al. "The genomics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a 10-year retrospective review." The Journal of Pediatrics 248 (2022): 108-113.

- Oluyomi-Obi, Titilayo, et al. "Antenatal predictors of outcome in prenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.5 (2017): 881-888.

- Abbasi, Nimrah, et al. "Reproducibility of fetal lung‐to‐head ratio in left diaphragmatic hernia across the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet)." Prenatal diagnosis 39.3 (2019): 188-194.

[[142]- Senat, M‐V., et al. "Prognosis of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia using lung‐area‐to‐head‐circumference ratio: variability across centers in a national perinatal network." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 51.2 (2018): 208-213.

- Russo, F. M., et al. "Fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion reverses the natural history of right‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: European multicenter experience." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 57.3 (2021): 378-385.

- Weller, Katinka, et al. "Prenatal stomach position and volume in relation to postnatal outcomes in left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Prenatal Diagnosis 42.3 (2022): 338-347.

- Bouchghoul, H., et al. "Optimal gestational age at delivery in isolated left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 57.6 (2021): 968-973.

- Sferra, Shelby R., et al. "Postnatal care setting and survival after fetoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of pediatric surgery 57.12 (2022): 819-825.

- Danzer, Enrico, et al. "Image-based prenatal predictors of postnatal survival, extracorporeal life support, and defect size in right congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of Perinatology 42.9 (2022): 1202-1209.

- Wang, Xueyao, et al. "Mediastinal shift angle in fetal MRI is associated with prognosis, severity, and cardiac underdevelopment in left congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Frontiers in Pediatrics 10 (2022): 907724.

- Deprest, Jan A., et al. "Randomized trial of fetal surgery for severe left diaphragmatic hernia." New England Journal of Medicine 385.2 (2021): 107-118.

- Baschat, Ahmet A., et al. "Single-center outcome of fetoscopic tracheal balloon occlusion for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Obstetrics & Gynecology 135.3 (2020): 511-521.

- Van Calster, Ben, et al. "The randomized Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung growth (TOTAL)-trials on fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: reanalysis using pooled data." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 226.4 (2022): 560-e1.

- Russo, Francesca M., et al. "Transplacental sildenafil rescues lung abnormalities in the rabbit model of diaphragmatic hernia." Thorax 71.6 (2016): 517-525.

- Russo, Francesca Maria, et al. "Antenatal sildenafil administration to prevent pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (SToP-PH): study protocol for a phase I/IIb placenta transfer and safety study." Trials 19 (2018): 1-8.

- Arattu Thodika, Fahad MS, et al. "Acute kidney injury in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of Perinatology 42.7 (2022): 925-929.

- Liberio, Brianna M., et al. "Risk factors for acute kidney injury in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of Perinatology 41.8 (2021): 1901-1909.

- Yang, Michelle J., et al. "Left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: can we improve survival while decreasing ECMO?." Journal of Perinatology 40.6 (2020): 935-942.

- Guner, Yigit, et al. "Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with extracorporeal life support: interim guidelines consensus statement from the extracorporeal life support organization." ASAIO Journal 67.2 (2021): 113-120.

- Ferguson, Dalya Munves, et al. "Early, postnatal pulmonary hypertension severity predicts inpatient outcomes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Neonatology 118.2 (2021): 147-154.

- Altit, Gabriel, et al. "Ventricular performance is associated with need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." The Journal of pediatrics 191 (2017): 28-34.

- Patel, Neil, et al. "Ventricular dysfunction is a critical determinant of mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 200.12 (2019): 1522-1530.

- Kipfmueller, Florian, et al. "Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia using pulmonary artery flow characteristics." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11.11 (2022): 3038.

- Aggarwal, Sanjeev, et al. "Echocardiographic measures of ventricular-vascular interactions in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Early Human Development 165 (2022): 105534.

- Gupta, Vikas S., et al. "Elevated proBNP levels are associated with disease severity, cardiac dysfunction, and mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 56.6 (2021): 1214-1219.

- Avitabile, Catherine M., et al. "Right ventricular strain, brain natriuretic peptide, and mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Annals of the American Thoracic Society 17.11 (2020): 1431-1439.

- Guslits, Elyssa, et al. "Longitudinal B-type natriuretic peptide levels predict outcome in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." The Journal of Pediatrics 229 (2021): 191-198.

- Le Duc, Kévin, et al. "Antenatal assessment of the prognosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: ethical considerations and impact for the management." Healthcare. Vol. 10. No. 8. MDPI, 2022.

- Lawrence, Kendall M., et al. "Use of prostaglandin E1 to treat pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 54.1 (2019): 55-59.

- Lawrence, Kendall M., et al. "Treprostinil improves persistent pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." The Journal of pediatrics 200 (2018): 44-49.

- Carpentier, E., et al. "Safety and tolerability of subcutaneous treprostinil in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and life-threatening pulmonary hypertension." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.9 (2017): 1480-1483.

- Carpentier, E., et al. "Safety and tolerability of subcutaneous treprostinil in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and life-threatening pulmonary hypertension." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.9 (2017): 1480-1483.

- Turbenson, Meghan N., et al. "Transitioning from intravenous to subcutaneous prostacyclin therapy in neonates with severe pulmonary hypertension." The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 25.7 (2020): 647-653.

- Turbenson, Meghan N., et al. "Transitioning from intravenous to subcutaneous prostacyclin therapy in neonates with severe pulmonary hypertension." The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 25.7 (2020): 647-653.

- Okawada, Manabu, et al. "Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates: findings of a multicenter study in Japan." Surgery today 51 (2021): 1694-1702.

- Elbarbary, Mohamed M., et al. "Correction to: thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a new anatomical reconstructive concept for tension dispersal at primary closure." Surgical Endoscopy 35.7 (2021): 3285-3285.

- Pereira-Terra, Patrícia, et al. "Unique tracheal fluid microRNA signature predicts response to FETO in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Annals of surgery 262.6 (2015): 1130-1140.

- Vandewalle, Robert J., et al. "Biologic mesh underlay in thoracoscopic primary repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia confers reduced recurrence in neonates: a preliminary report." Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques 29.10 (2019): 1212-1215.

- Ferreira, Cindy Gomes, et al. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an evaluation of risk factors for failure of thoracoscopic primary repair in neonates." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 48.3 (2013): 488-495.

- Horn-Oudshoorn, Emily JJ, et al. "Vascular reactivity is altered in the placentas of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Placenta 145 (2024): 51-59.

- Dao, Duy T., et al. "Surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation: early repair improves survival." Annals of surgery 274.1 (2021): 186-194.

- Delaplain, Patrick T., et al. "Potential survival benefit with repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in select patients: Study by ELSO CDH Interest Group." Journal of pediatric surgery 54.6 (2019): 1132-1137.

- Robertson, Jason O., et al. "Comparison of early versus delayed strategies for repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation." Journal of pediatric surgery 53.4 (2018): 629-634.

- Glenn, Ian C., et al. "Early CDH repair on ECMO: improved survival but no decrease in ECMO duration (A CDH Study Group Investigation)." Journal of pediatric surgery 54.10 (2019): 2038-2043.

- Glenn, Ian C., et al. "Early CDH repair on ECMO: improved survival but no decrease in ECMO duration (A CDH Study Group Investigation)." Journal of pediatric surgery 54.10 (2019): 2038-2043.

- Danzer, Enrico, et al. "Short-term neurodevelopmental outcome in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and timing of repair." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 19.1 (2018): 64-74.

- Zanini, Andrea, et al. "Follow-up of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: need for routinary assessment of acid gastroesophageal reflux with pH-Metry." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 28.06 (2018): 502-507.

- Montalva, Louise, et al. "Anti-reflux surgery in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A prospective cohort study on a controversial practice." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 57.12 (2022): 826-833.

- Henzler, Claudia, et al. "Cerebral perfusion after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with common carotid artery occlusion after ECMO therapy." in vivo 31.4 (2017): 557-564.

- Wong, Matthew, et al. "Pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: prognostic markers and long-term outcomes." Journal of pediatric surgery 53.5 (2018): 918-924.

- Bojanić, Katarina, et al. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: outcomes of neonates treated at Mayo Clinic with and without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation." Pediatric Anesthesia 27.3 (2017): 314-321.

- Haliburton, Beth, et al. "Pulmonary function and nutritional morbidity in children and adolescents with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.2 (2017): 252-256.

- Hollinger, Laura E., Matthew T. Harting, and Kevin P. Lally. "Long-term follow-up of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Seminars in pediatric surgery. Vol. 26. No. 3. WB Saunders, 2017.

- Koh, June-Young, et al. "Functional and structural evaluation in the lungs of children with repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia." BMC pediatrics 21 (2021): 1-7.

- Ramaraj, Akila B., Carrie Foster, and Rebecca A. Stark. "Epidemiology of swallow dysfunction in CDH patients." The American Journal of Surgery 221.6 (2021): 1267-1270.

- Moawd, Samah A., et al. "Impacts of respiratory muscle training on respiratory functions, maximal exercise capacity, functional performance, and quality of life in school‐aged children with postoperative congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Disease markers 2020.1 (2020): 8829373.

- Antiel, Ryan M., et al. "Growth trajectory and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.12 (2017): 1944-1948.

- Wong, Matthew KW, et al. "Requirement and duration of tube feed supplementation among congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients." Journal of pediatric surgery 54.5 (2019): 895-898.

- Terui, Keita, et al. "Weight gain velocity and adequate amount of nutrition for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Pediatric surgery international 37 (2021): 205-212.

- Schwab, Marisa E., et al. "Factors and growth trends associated with the need for gastrostomy tube in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 73.4 (2021): 555-559.

- Leeuwen, Lisette, et al. "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and growth to 12 years." Pediatrics 140.2 (2017).

- Bevilacqua, Francesca, et al. "Does ventilatory time retain its validity in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome at two years of age in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors?." American journal of perinatology 7.03 (2017): 248-252.

- Danzer, Enrico, et al. "Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 5 years of age in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.3 (2017): 437-443.

- Danzer, Enrico, et al. "Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 5 years of age in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.3 (2017): 437-443.

- Van der Veeken, Lennart, et al. "Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis." Prenatal Diagnosis 42.3 (2022): 318-329.

- Burgos, Carmen Mesas, et al. "Addressing the causes of late mortality in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.4 (2017): 526-529.

- Giordano, Vito, et al. "Pain and sedation scales for neonatal and pediatric patients in a preverbal stage of development: a systematic review." JAMA pediatrics 173.12 (2019): 1186-1197.

- Ancora, Gina, et al. "Evidence‐based clinical guidelines on analgesia and sedation in newborn infants undergoing assisted ventilation and endotracheal intubation." Acta Paediatrica 108.2 (2019): 208-217.

- Abiramalatha, Thangaraj, et al. "Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of fentanyl for analgesia and sedation in neonates: an open-label randomised controlled trial." Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition 104.4 (2019): F433-F439.

- Weems, Mark F., et al. "Analgesia, sedation, and neuromuscular blockade in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." American journal of perinatology 40.04 (2023): 415-423.

- Shah, Prakeshkumar S. "Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (2020).

- Ceelie, Ilse, et al. "Effect of intravenous paracetamol on postoperative morphine requirements in neonates and infants undergoing major noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial." Jama 309.2 (2013): 149-154.

- Baarslag, Manuel A., et al. "Clinically effective implementation of intravenous paracetamol as primary analgesia after major surgery in neonates and young infants." Archives of Disease in Childhood 103.12 (2018): 1168-1169.

- Cochius-den Otter, Suzan, et al. "Challenges and pitfalls: performing clinical trials in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Frontiers in Pediatrics 10 (2022): 852843.

- Fisher, Jason C., et al. "Multivariate model for predicting recurrence in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 44.6 (2009): 1173-1180.

- Nagata, Kouji, et al. "Risk factors for the recurrence of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia—report from the long-term follow-up study of Japanese CDH study group." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 25.01 (2015): 9-14.

- Snoek, Kitty G., et al. "Score for neonatal acute physiology-II predicts outcome in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 17.6 (2016): 540-546.

- Snoek, Kitty G., et al. "Standardized postnatal management of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: the CDH EURO consortium consensus-2015 update." Neonatology 110.1 (2016): 66-74.

- Amodeo, Ilaria, et al. "NeoAPACHE II. Relationship between radiographic pulmonary area and pulmonary hypertension, mortality, and hernia recurrence in newborns with CDH." Frontiers in Pediatrics 9 (2021): 692210.

- Kamran, Ali, et al. "Risk factors for recurrence after thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)." Journal of pediatric surgery 53.11 (2018): 2087-2091.

- Levesque, Matthew, et al. "The presence of a hernia sac in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with less disease severity: a retrospective cohort study." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 54.5 (2019): 899-902.

- Reiss, Irwin, et al. "Standardized postnatal management of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: the CDH EURO Consortium consensus." Neonatology 98.4 (2010): 354-364.

- Ali, Kamal, et al. "Outcomes of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia by side of defect in the FETO era." Pediatric surgery international 35 (2019): 743-747.

- Schaible, Thomas, et al. "Right-versus left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: postnatal outcome at a specialized tertiary care center." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 13.1 (2012): 66-71.

- Putnam, Luke R., et al. "Factors associated with early recurrence after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair." Journal of pediatric surgery 52.6 (2017): 928-932.

- Al‐Iede, Montaha M., Jonathan Karpelowsky, and Dominic A. Fitzgerald. "Recurrent diaphragmatic hernia: Modifiable and non‐modifiable risk factors." Pediatric pulmonology 51.4 (2016): 394-401.

- Cioci, Alessia C., et al. "One-year outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: factors associated with recurrence and complications." Journal of pediatric surgery 56.9 (2021): 1542-1546.

- Cioci, Alessia C., et al. "One-year outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: factors associated with recurrence and complications." Journal of pediatric surgery 56.9 (2021): 1542-1546.

- Heiwegen, Kim, et al. "Surgical complications in children with CDH: a multivariate analysis." World journal of surgery 44 (2020): 2042-2048.

- Fisher, Jason C., et al. "Multivariate model for predicting recurrence in congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Journal of pediatric surgery 44.6 (2009): 1173-1180.

- Zahn, Katrin B., et al. "Longitudinal follow-up with radiologic screening for recurrence and secondary hiatal hernia in neonates with open repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia—a large prospective, observational cohort study at one referral center." Frontiers in Pediatrics 9 (2021): 796478.

- Zani, Augusto, Elke Zani-Ruttenstock, and Agostino Pierro. "Advances in the surgical approach to congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. Vol. 19. No. 6. WB Saunders, 2014.

- Bucher, Brian T., et al. "Impact of hospital volume on in-hospital mortality of infants undergoing repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia." Annals of surgery 252.4 (2010): 635-642.

- Tsai, Jacqueline, et al. "Patch repair for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is it really a problem?." Journal of pediatric surgery 47.4 (2012): 637-641.

- Rowe, Dorothy H., and Charles J. Stolar. "Recurrent diaphragmatic hernia." Seminars in pediatric surgery. Vol. 12. No. 2. WB Saunders, 2003.

- Bruns, Nicholas E., et al. "Approach to recurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia: results of an international survey." Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques 26.11 (2016): 925-929.

- Moss, R. Lawrence, Constance M. Chen, and Michael R. Harrison. "Prosthetic patch durability in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a long-term follow-up study." Journal of pediatric surgery 36.1 (2001): 152-154.

- Laituri, C. A., et al. "Outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair depending on patch type." European journal of pediatric surgery 20.06 (2010): 363-365.

- de Haro Jorge, Irene, et al. "Porcine dermal patches as a risk factor for recurrence after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair." Pediatric Surgery International 37 (2021): 59-65.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v50.2.7199

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Maged Naser

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.