Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Air Quality (PM10, SO2, & NO2) in Semarang City Using Landsat Satellite Imagery

Abdi Sukmono, Diah Septiyana, Muhammad Adnan Yusuf, Arwan Putra Wijaya

Abstract


Air quality is a critical environmental parameter, heavily influenced by local human activities. Intense human and industrial activities in large urban areas significantly degrade air quality, contributing to climate change and adversely affecting public health. Therefore, monitoring air quality in major cities is vital for ensuring environmental sustainability. This study aims to monitor air quality in the Mijen District of Semarang City, Indonesia, utilizing a spatiotemporal approach. The air quality parameters assessed in this study included PM10, SO2, and NO2, which were derived from Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellite imagery data. The analysis employed a spatiotemporal method based on the Global Moran’s I Index and the Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) to elucidate spatial distribution patterns and temporal trends. The results indicated that the air quality in the Mijen District of Semarang City—based on the parameters PM10, SO2, and NO2—largely met the Air Quality Standard Index thresholds. However, several locations exhibited significantly high pollution levels that formed clusters and showed temporal consistency. These high pollution levels were observed in specific land use areas, such as industrial zones, residential areas, and landfill sites. The lowest PM10 levels were recorded in April 2021 and June 2021, ranging from 0 to 19 µg/m3, with a spread over an area of 57 km2. The highest SO2 concentration was observed in August 2021, exceeding 300 ppm. Additionally, the highest NO2 distribution was also recorded in August 2021, with values ranging from 179 to 180 µg/m3.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v44.2.6241

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