Effect of Low Protein Diet Treatment for Six Weeks on The Brain Histopathological and Cognitive Function in The Wistar Rat

Rita Maliza, Allimuddin Tofrizal, Fadillah Fadillah

Abstract


— Malnutrition is a condition characterized by inadequate or excessive consumption of nutrients, resulting in decreased cognitive abilities, metabolic disorders, learning disabilities, growth retardation, a lowered immune system, and the risk of death. The prevalence of malnutrition in Indonesia was still relatively high. This research aims to identify the effect of low-diet protein treatment on the histopathology of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cognitive function in Wistar rats. This study included two groups of male Wistar rats: the normal and low protein (12%) groups. Morphometric analysis was used to assess the growth. Cognitive tests included the Y-Maze, Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT), and Water Maze by Morris (MWM) tests, and histopathological examination of the brain sections was conducted on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by hematoxylin and eosin stains. This study found that rats fed a 12% protein diet showed significant differences in body weight parameters, proportion of degenerated cells, and histopathological features of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus compared to the normal group fed a 20% protein diet, and this condition also affected the cognitive function of rats fed a low protein diet. The 6-week treatment with a 12% protein concentration left the rats malnourished.


Keywords


Malnutrition; Body Weight; Cognitive Function; Low Protein Diet

Full Text:

PDF

References


WHO, “The UNICEF/WHO/WB Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates (JME) group released new data for 2021.” [Online]. Available: https://data.unicef.org/resources/jme-report-2020

SSGI, “Hasil Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2022.” [Online]. Available: https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/uploads/contents/attachments/09fb5b8ccfdf088080f2521ff0b4374f.pdf

T. Woldehanna, J. R. Behrman, and M. W. Araya, “The effect of early childhood stunting on children’s cognitive achievements: Evidence from young lives Ethiopia,” Ethiop. J. Heal. Dev., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 75–84, 2017.

A. J. Forgie, K. M. Drall, S. L. Bourque, C. J. Field, A. L. Kozyrskyj, and B. P. Willing, “The impact of maternal and early life malnutrition on health: a diet-microbe perspective,” BMC Med., vol. 18, pp. 1–15, 2020.

D. E. Papalia, H. L. Sterns, R. D. Feldman, and C. J. Camp, Adult development and aging. McGraw-Hill, 2007.

P. M. Udani, “Protein energy malnutrition (PEM), brain and various facets of child development,” Indian J. Pediatr., vol. 59, pp. 165–186, 1992.

T. Leenstra, L. T. Petersen, S. K. Kariuki, A. J. Oloo, P. A. Kager, and F. O. Ter Kuile, “Prevalence and severity of malnutrition and age at menarche; cross-sectional studies in adolescent schoolgirls in western Kenya,” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 41–48, 2005.

M. Alamy, M. Errami, K. Taghzouti, F. Saddiki-Traki, and W. A. Bengelloun, “Effects of postweaning undernutrition on exploratory behavior, memory and sensory reactivity in rats: implication of the dopaminergic system,” Physiol. Behav., vol. 86, no. 1–2, pp. 195–202, 2005.

F. Bonatto et al., “Effect of protein malnutrition on redox state of the hippocampus of rat,” Brain Res., vol. 1042, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 2005.

S. C. Ranade, M. S. Nawaz, P. K. Rambtla, A. J. Rose, P. Gressens, and S. Mani, “Early protein malnutrition disrupts cerebellar development and impairs motor coordination,” Br. J. Nutr., vol. 107, no. 8, pp. 1167–1175, 2012.

M. El Hioui, A. Ahami, Y. Aboussaleh, and S. Rusinek, “The relationship between nutritional status and educational achievements in the rural school children of Morocco,” J. Neurol. Neurol. Disord., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 2016.

M. M. Islam et al., “Morphometric study of Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus in Qatar,” Animals, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 2162, 2021.

X. Shi et al., “Behavioral assessment of sensory, motor, emotion, and cognition in rodent models of intracerebral hemorrhage,” Front. Neurol., vol. 12, p. 667511, 2021.

A.-K. Kraeuter, P. C. Guest, and Z. Sarnyai, “The Y-maze for assessment of spatial working and reference memory in mice,” Pre-clinical Model. Tech. Protoc., pp. 105–111, 2019.

C. J. Miedel, J. M. Patton, A. N. Miedel, E. S. Miedel, and J. M. Levenson, “Assessment of spontaneous alternation, novel object recognition and limb clasping in transgenic mouse models of amyloid-β and tau neuropathology,” JoVE (Journal Vis. Exp., no. 123, p. e55523, 2017.

Y. O. Sari, A. Aminuddin, F. Hamid, P. Prihantono, B. Bahar, and V. Hadju, “Malnutrition in children associated with low growth hormone (Gh) Levels,” Gac. Sanit., vol. 35, pp. S327–S329, 2021.

C. P. Hawkes and A. Grimberg, “Insulin-like growth factor-I is a marker for the nutritional state,” Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev. PER, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 499, 2015.

M. K. Georgieff, S. E. Ramel, and S. E. Cusick, “Nutritional influences on brain development,” Acta Paediatr., vol. 107, no. 8, pp. 1310–1321, 2018.

J. Dobbing, “Vulnerable periods in developing brain,” Brain, Behav. iron infant diet, pp. 1–17, 1990.

M. L. Schneider and C. F. Moore, “Effect of prenatal stress on development: A nonhuman primate model,” in Minnesota symposium on child psychology, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 2000, pp. 201–244.

A. J. Fuglestad, R. Rao, and M. K. Georgieff, “38 The Role of Nutrition in Cognitive Development,” Handb. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci., p. 623, 2008.

D. Wahl et al., “Cognitive and behavioral evaluation of nutritional interventions in rodent models of brain aging and dementia,” Clin. Interv. Aging, pp. 1419–1428, 2017.

M. Alamy and W. A. Bengelloun, “Malnutrition and brain development: an analysis of the effects of inadequate diet during different stages of life in rat,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1463–1480, 2012.

P. J. Morgane, D. J. Mokler, and J. R. Galler, “Effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on the hippocampal formation,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 471–483, 2002.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v44.1.6134

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 RIta maliza

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.