Email this article 
Updates of Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) Management Critical Review
Abstract
Diabetic foot issues are the critical reason involving non-traumatic lower limb amputation internationally. Most amputations in diabetes are preceded by foot ulceration. Therefore, an uncompromising understanding of the causes, evaluation and management of ulceration is essential. This review provides a concise description concerning the key factors contributing to the pathophysiology of the diabetic foot. The review moreover outlines an evidence-based strategy regarding the clinical evaluation and management primarily based on recently published guidelines. The importance of evaluating the presence and severity regarding wound(s), ischemia and foot infection is emphasized also, the evaluation will direct medication strategies such as, offloading, treatment of peripheral artery disorder and treatment of infection. The review additionally gives the diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the diabetic foot and discusses briefly Charcot neuroarthropathy. Finally, highlights updates amongst diabetic foot treatment.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Zhou, Bin, et al. "Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4· 4 million participants." The Lancet387.10027 (2016): 1513-1530.
Guariguata, Leonor, et al. "Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035." Diabetes research and clinical practice 103.2 (2014): 137-149.
Bakker, K., et al. "The 2015 IWGDF guidance documents on prevention and management of foot problems in diabetes: development of an evidence‐based global consensus." Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 32 (2016): 2-6.
Singh, Nalini, David G. Armstrong, and Benjamin A. Lipsky. "Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes." Jama293.2 (2005): 217-228.
Armstrong, David G., Andrew JM Boulton, and Sicco A. Bus. "Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence." New England Journal of Medicine 376.24 (2017): 2367-2375.
Rice, J. Bradford, et al. "Burden of diabetic foot ulcers for medicare and private insurers." Diabetes care 37.3 (2014): 651-658.
Driver, Vickie R., et al. "The costs of diabetic foot: the economic case for the limb salvage team." Journal of vascular surgery 52.3 (2010): 17S-22S.
Ragnarson Tennvall, Gunnel, and Jan Apelqvist. "Health-economic consequences of diabetic foot lesions." Clinical Infectious Diseases 39. Supplement_2 (2004): S132-S139.
Kerr, M., G. Rayman, and W. J. Jeffcoate. "Cost of diabetic foot disease to the National Health Service in England." Diabetic medicine 31.12 (2014): 1498-1504.
Nussbaum, Samuel R., et al. "An economic evaluation of the impact, cost, and Medicare policy implications of chronic nonhealing wounds." Value in Health 21.1 (2018): 27-32.
Petrakis, Ioannis, et al. "Losing a foot versus losing a dollar; a systematic review of cost studies in diabetic foot complications." Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research 17.2 (2017): 165-180. Boulton, Andrew JM, et al. "The global burden of diabetic foot disease." The Lancet 366.9498 (2005): 1719-1724.
Walsh, J. W., et al. "Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population‐based cohort from the United Kingdom." Diabetic Medicine 33.11 (2016): 1493-1498.
Apelqvist, Jan, and Jan Larsson. "What is the most effective way to reduce incidence of amputation in the diabetic foot?" Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 16. S1 (2000): S75-S83.
Lepäntalo, Mauri, et al. "Chapter V: diabetic foot." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 42 (2011): S60-S74.
Lavery, Lawrence A., et al. "Impact of chronic kidney disease on survival after amputation in individuals with diabetes." Diabetes care 33.11 (2010): 2365-2369.
Ghanassia, Edouard, et al. "Long-term outcome and disability of diabetic patients hospitalized for diabetic foot ulcers: a 6.5-year follow-up study." Diabetes care 31.7 (2008): 1288-1292.
Prompers, L., et al. "Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. The EURODIALE Study." Diabetologia 51.5 (2008): 747-755.
Nabuurs-Franssen, M. H., et al. "Health-related quality of life of diabetic foot ulcer patients and their caregivers." Diabetologia 48.9 (2005): 1906-1910.
Nabuurs-Franssen, M. H., et al. "Health-related quality of life of diabetic foot ulcer patients and their caregivers." Diabetologia 48.9 (2005): 1906-1910.
Feldman, Eva L., et al. "New horizons in diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, bioenergetics, and pain." Neuron93.6 (2017): 1296-1313.
Lazzarini, P. A., et al. "Diabetes-related lower-extremity complications are a leading cause of the global burden of disability." Diabetic Medicine 35.9 (2018): 1297-1299.
Zhang, Yuqi, et al. "Global disability burdens of diabetes-related lower-extremity complications in 1990 and 2016." Diabetes Care 43.5 (2020): 964-974.
Greene, Douglas A., et al. "Diabetic neuropathy." Annual review of medicine 41.1 (1990): 303-317.
Vinik, A. I., and Anahit Mehrabyan. "Diabetic neuropathies." Medical Clinics 88.4 (2004): 947-999.
Madae'en, Saba, et al. "Diabetes knowledge, medication adherence, and glycaemic control among diabetic patients: A cross-sectional study in Jordan." Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 10.04 (2020): 041-046.
Kim, Bhumsoo, and Eva L. Feldman. "Insulin resistance in the nervous system." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 23.3 (2012): 133-141.
Domenech-Estévez, Enric, et al. "Distribution of monocarboxylate transporters in the peripheral nervous system suggests putative roles in lactate shuttling and myelination." Journal of Neuroscience 35.10 (2015): 4151-4156.
Fünfschilling, Ursula, et al. "Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity." Nature485.7399 (2012): 517-521.
Pop-Busui, Rodica, et al. "Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association." Diabetes care 40.1 (2017): 136-154.
Callaghan, Brian C., et al. "Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy." Cochrane database of systematic reviews 6 (2012).
Dinh, Thanh L., and Aristidis Veves. "A review of the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of the diabetic foot." The international journal of lower extremity wounds4.3 (2005): 154-159.
Van Schie, Carine HM, et al. "Muscle weakness and foot deformities in diabetes: relationship to neuropathy and foot ulceration in Caucasian diabetic men." Diabetes care 27.7 (2004): 1668-1673.
Mueller, Michael J., et al. "Insensitivity, limited joint mobility, and plantar ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus." Physical Therapy 69.6 (1989): 453-459.
Fernando, Malindu Eranga, et al. "Gait parameters of people with diabetes-related neuropathic plantar foot ulcers." Clinical Biomechanics 37 (2016): 98-107.
Fernando, Malindu E., et al. "Plantar pressures are elevated in people with longstanding diabetes-related foot ulcers during follow-up." PloS one 12.8 (2017): e0181916.
Tapp, Robyn J., et al. "Association of glucose metabolism, smoking and cardiovascular risk factors with incident peripheral arterial disease: the DESIR study." Atherosclerosis 190.1 (2007): 84-89.
Jude, Edward B., et al. "Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: a comparison of severity and outcome." Diabetes care 24.8 (2001): 1433-1437.
Paneni, Francesco, et al. "Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: part I." European heart journal 34.31 (2013): 2436-2443.
Prompers, L., et al. "High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. Baseline results from the Eurodiale study." Diabetologia 50.1 (2007): 18-25.
Hinchliffe RJ, Brownrigg JR, Andros G, Apelqvist J, Boyko EJ, Fitridge R, et al. Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(Suppl 1):136–44.
Meloni, Marco, et al. "Characteristics and Outcome for Persons with Diabetic Foot Ulcer and No-Option Critical Limb Ischemia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9.11 (2020): 3745.
Forsythe, R. O., J. Brownrigg, and R. J. Hinchliffe. "Peripheral arterial disease and revascularization of the diabetic foot." Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 17.5 (2015): 435-444.
Forsythe, R. O., J. Brownrigg, and R. J. Hinchliffe. "Peripheral arterial disease and revascularization of the diabetic foot." Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 17.5 (2015): 435-444.
Hinchliffe, R. J., et al. "IWGDF guidance on the diagnosis, prognosis and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with foot ulcers in diabetes." Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 32 (2016): 37-44.
Mills Sr, Joseph L. "Update and validation of the Society for Vascular Surgery wound, ischemia, and foot infection threatened limb classification system." Seminars in vascular surgery. Vol. 27. No. 1. WB Saunders, 2014.
Zhan, Luke X., et al. "The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system based on Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) correlates with risk of major amputation and time to wound healing." Journal of vascular surgery 61.4 (2015): 939-944.
Boulton, Andrew James Michael, et al. "Diagnosis and management of diabetic foot infections." (2020).
Carter, Stefan A. "Indirect systolic pressures and pulse waves in arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities." Circulation 37.4 (1968): 624-637.
Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration. "Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis." JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association300.2 (2008): 197.
Newman, Anne B., et al. "Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group." Circulation 88.3 (1993): 837-845.
Gerhard-Herman, Marie D., et al. "2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 69.11 (2017): e71-e126.
Halliday, Alison, and Jeroen J. Bax. "The 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 55.3 (2018): 301-302.
Everhart, J. E., et al. "Medial arterial calcification and its association with mortality and complications of diabetes." Diabetologia 31.1 (1988): 16-23.
Potier, L., et al. "Use and utility of ankle brachial index in patients with diabetes." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 41.1 (2011): 110-116.
Hyun, Suzanne, et al. "Ankle-brachial index, toe-brachial index, and cardiovascular mortality in persons with and without diabetes mellitus." Journal of vascular surgery 60.2 (2014): 390-395.
Young, M. J., et al. "Medial arterial calcification in the feet of diabetic patients and matched non-diabetic control subjects." Diabetologia 36.7 (1993): 615-621.
Brooks, B., et al. "TBI or not TBI: that is the question. Is it better to measure toe pressure than ankle pressure in diabetic patients?" Diabetic Medicine 18.7 (2001): 528-532.
Widmer, Lukas W., et al. "Reliability and repeatability of toe pressures measured with laser Doppler and portable and stationary photoplethysmography devices." Annals of vascular surgery 26.3 (2012): 404-410.
Andersen, Charles A. "Non-invasive assessment of lower-extremity hemodynamic in individuals with diabetes mellitus." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 100.5 (2010): 406-411.
Williams, Dean T., Patricia Price, and Keith G. Harding. "The influence of diabetes and lower limb arterial disease on cutaneous foot perfusion." Journal of vascular surgery 44.4 (2006): 770-775.
Alavi, Afsaneh, et al. "Audible handheld Doppler ultrasound determines reliable and inexpensive exclusion of significant peripheral arterial disease." Vascular 23.6 (2015): 622-629.
Quigley, F. G., and I. B. Faris. "Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in the assessment of limb ischaemia." Clinical Physiology 11.4 (1991): 315-320.
Quigley, F. G., and I. B. Faris. "Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in the assessment of limb ischaemia." Clinical Physiology 11.4 (1991): 315-320.
Brownrigg, J. R. W., et al. "Performance of prognostic markers in the prediction of wound healing or amputation among patients with foot ulcers in diabetes: a systematic review." Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 32 (2016): 128-135.
Schaper, N. C., et al. "IWGDF practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease." Diabetes Metabl Res Rev (2019).
Lavery, Lawrence A., et al. "Probe-to-bone test for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis: reliable or relic?" Diabetes care 30.2 (2007): 270-274.
Grayson, M. Lindsay, et al. "Probing to bone in infected pedal ulcers: a clinical sign of underlying osteomyelitis in diabetic patients." Jama 273.9 (1995): 721-723.
Hwang, Jessica L., and Roy E. Weiss. "Steroid‐induced diabetes: a clinical and molecular approach to understanding and treatment." Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 30.2 (2014): 96-102.
Hwang, Jessica L., and Roy E. Weiss. "Steroid‐induced diabetes: a clinical and molecular approach to understanding and treatment." Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 30.2 (2014): 96-102.
Wagner Jr, F. William. "The dysvascular foot: a system for diagnosis and treatment." Foot & ankle 2.2 (1981): 64-122.
Lavery, Lawrence A., et al. "Diabetic foot syndrome: evaluating the prevalence and incidence of foot pathology in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites from a diabetes disease management cohort." Diabetes care 26.5 (2003): 1435-1438.
Armstrong, David G., Lawrence A. Lavery, and Lawrence B. Harkless. "Validation of a diabetic wound classification system: the contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation." Diabetes care 21.5 (1998): 855-859.
Lavery, Lawrence A., David G. Armstrong, and Lawrence B. Harkless. "Classification of diabetic foot wounds." The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 35.6 (1996): 528-531.
Ince, Paul, et al. "Use of the SINBAD classification system and score in comparing outcome of foot ulcer management on three continents." Diabetes care 31.5 (2008): 964-967.
Mills Sr, Joseph L., et al. "The society for vascular surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI)." Journal of vascular surgery 59.1 (2014): 220-234.
Conte, Michael S., et al. "Implementing global chronic limb-threatening ischemia guidelines in clinical practice: Utility of the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification System (WIfI)." Journal of Vascular Surgery 72.4 (2020): 1451-1452.
Darling, Jeremy D., et al. "Predictive ability of the Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system after first-time lower extremity revascularizations." Journal of vascular surgery 65.3 (2017): 695-704.
Darling, Jeremy D., et al. "Predictive ability of the Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system following infrapopliteal endovascular interventions for critical limb ischemia." Journal of vascular surgery 64.3 (2016): 616-622.
Causey, Marlin W., et al. "Society for Vascular Surgery limb stage and patient risk correlate with outcomes in an amputation prevention program." Journal of vascular surgery 63.6 (2016): 1563-1573.
Beropoulis, Efthymios, et al. "Validation of the Wound, Ischemia, foot Infection (WIfI) classification system in nondiabetic patients treated by endovascular means for critical limb ischemia." Journal of vascular surgery 64.1 (2016): 95-103.
Ward, Robert, et al. "Outcomes of critical limb ischemia in an urban, safety net hospital population with high WIfI amputation scores." Annals of vascular surgery 38 (2017): 84-89.
Hicks, Caitlin W., et al. "The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system correlates with cost of care for diabetic foot ulcers treated in a multidisciplinary setting." Journal of vascular surgery 67.5 (2018): 1455-1462.
Hicks, Caitlin W., et al. "The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system correlates with cost of care for diabetic foot ulcers treated in a multidisciplinary setting." Journal of vascular surgery 67.5 (2018): 1455-1462.
Shah, Syed Ahmed, et al. "Biopolymer-based biomaterials for accelerated diabetic wound healing: A critical review." International journal of biological macromolecules 139 (2019): 975-993.
Paul, Esther Jemima, and B. Padmapriya. "A pragmatic review on the property, role and significance of polymers in treating diabetic foot ulcer." Materials Today: Proceedings 23 (2020): 91-99.
Gonzalez, Santiago R., Keith G. Wolter, and James C. Yuen. "Infectious Complications Associated with the Use of Integra: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 8.7 (2020).
Dalla Paola, Luca, et al. "Limb salvage in diabetic patients with no-option critical limb ischemia: outcomes of a specialized center experience." Diabetic foot & ankle 10.1 (2019): 1696012.
Tsai, Sue, and Pere Santamaria. "MHC class II polymorphisms, autoreactive T-cells, and autoimmunity." Frontiers in immunology4 (2013): 321.
McCrudden, Maelíosa TC, et al. "The host defence peptide LL-37 is susceptible to proteolytic degradation by wound fluid isolated from foot ulcers of diabetic patients." International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics 20.4 (2014): 457-464.
Lipsky, Benjamin A., Kenneth J. Holroyd, and Michael Zasloff. "Topical versus systemic antimicrobial therapy for treating mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, multicenter trial of pexiganan cream." Clinical infectious diseases 47.12 (2008): 1537-1545.
McCartan, Brant, and Thanh Dinh. "The use of split-thickness skin grafts on diabetic foot ulcerations: a literature review." Plastic surgery international 2012 (2012).
Brem, Harold, et al. "Healing of diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers with human skin equivalent: a new paradigm in wound healing." Archives of surgery 135.6 (2000): 627-634.
Streit, M., and L. R. Braathen. "Apligraf–a living human skin equivalent for the treatment of chronic wounds." The International journal of artificial organs 23.12 (2000): 831-833.
Dinh, Thanh L., and Aristidis Veves. "The efficacy of Apligraf in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers." Plastic and reconstructive surgery 117.7S (2006): 152S-157S.
Kaur, Amtoj, et al. "Functional skin grafts: Where biomaterials meet stem cells." Stem cells international 2019 (2019).
Falanga, Vincent, et al. "Wounding of bioengineered skin: cellular and molecular aspects after injury." Journal of investigative dermatology 119.3 (2002): 653-660.
Hu, Shasa, et al. "Evaluation of Apligraf® persistence and basement membrane restoration in donor site wounds: a pilot study." Wound repair and regeneration 14.4 (2006): 427-433.
Griffiths, M., et al. "Survival of Apligraf in acute human wounds." Tissue engineering 10.7-8 (2004): 1180-1195.
Cao, Yue, et al. "Mesenchymal stem cells improve healing of diabetic foot ulcer." Journal of diabetes research 2017 (2017).
Higashiyama, Reiichi, et al. "Differential contribution of dermal resident and bone marrow–derived cells to collagen production during wound healing and fibrogenesis in mice." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 131.2 (2011): 529-536.
-Wu, Yaojiong, et al. "Bone marrow‐derived stem cells in wound healing: a review." Wound Repair and
Regeneration 15 (2007): S18-S26.
-Deng, Weimin, et al. "Engrafted bone marrow-derived Flk-1+ mesenchymal stem cells regenerate skin tissue." Tissue
engineering 11.1-2 (2005): 110-119.
-FFathke, C., et al. "Contribution of bone marrowderived cells to skin: collagen deposition and wound repair." Stem
Cells 22 (2004): 812-822.
-Cooley, Heather, and Rapichan Phurisamban. The cost of alternative water supply and efficiency options in California.
Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute, 2016.
-Procházka, Václav, et al. "Cell therapy, a new standard in management of chronic critical limb ischemia and foot
ulcer." Cell transplantation 19.11 (2010): 1413-1424.
-Amin, Ali H., et al. "Modified multipotent stromal cells with epidermal growth factor restore vasculogenesis and blood flow
in ischemic hind-limb of type II diabetic mice." Laboratory Investigation 90.7 (2010): 985-996.
-Lu, Debin, et al. "Comparison of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells for
treatment of diabetic critical limb ischemia and foot ulcer: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial." Diabetes
research and clinical practice 92.1 (2011): 26-36.
-Amann, Berthold, et al. "Autologous bone marrow cell transplantation increases leg perfusion and reduces amputations
in patients with advanced critical limb ischemia due to peripheral artery disease." Cell transplantation 18.3 (2009): 371-
-Ján, V., et al. "Autologous biograft and mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of the diabetic foot." Neuroendocrinology
Letters 27 (2006): 2.
-Lopes, Lara, et al. "Stem cell therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: a review of preclinical and clinical research." Stem cell
research & therapy 9.1 (2018): 1-16.
-Sasaki, Mikako, et al. "Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited into wounded skin and contribute to wound repair by
transdifferentiation into multiple skin cell type." the Journal of immunology 180.4 (2008): 2581-2587.
-Otero-Viñas, Marta, and Vincent Falanga. "Mesenchymal stem cells in chronic wounds: the spectrum from basic to
advanced therapy." Advances in Wound Care 5.4 (2016): 149-163.
-Huang, Yi-Zhou, et al. "Mesenchymal stem cells for chronic wound healing: current status of preclinical and clinical
studies." Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 26.6 (2020): 555-570.
-Veves, Aristidis, Peter Sheehan, and Hau T. Pham. "A randomized, controlled trial of Promogran (a collagen/oxidized
regenerated cellulose dressing) vs standard treatment in the management of diabetic foot ulcers." Archives of
surgery 137.7 (2002): 822-827.
-Kong, Lingzhi, et al. "Bioactive injectable hydrogels containing desferrioxamine and bioglass for diabetic wound
healing." ACS applied materials & interfaces 10.36 (2018): 30103-30114.
-Gorustovich, A., J. Roether, and A. R. Boccaccini. "Effect of bioactive glasses on angiogenesis." (2010): 199-207.
-Osborne, C. S., and P. Schmid. "Epidermal–dermal interactions regulate gelatinase activity in Apligraf®, a tissue‐
engineered human skin equivalent." British Journal of Dermatology 146.1 (2002): 26-31.
-McColgan, Maureen, Ali Foster, and Mike Edmonds. "Dermagraft in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers." Diabetic
Foot 1 (1998): 75-78.
-Kim, Sung-Whan, et al. "Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells enhance wound healing in diabetic NOD/SCID mice through
high angiogenic and engraftment capabilities." PloS one 7.7 (2012): e41105.
-Li, Xiao-Yan, et al. "Treatment of foot disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using human umbilical cord blood
mesenchymal stem cells: response and correction of immunological anomalies." Current Pharmaceutical Design19.27
(2013): 4893-4899.
-Kogelenberg, Sylvia van, et al. "Three-dimensional printing and cell therapy for wound repair." Advances in wound
care 7.5 (2018): 145-156.
-Tabriz, Atabak Ghanizadeh, Dennis Douroumis, and Joshua Boateng. "3D printed scaffolds for wound healing and
tissue regeneration." Therapeutic Dressings and Wound Healing Applications (2020): 385-398.
-Saunders, Rachel Elizabeth, and Brian Derby. "Inkjet printing biomaterials for tissue engineering:
bioprinting." International Materials Reviews 59.8 (2014): 430-448.
-Angelopoulos, Ioannis, et al. "Engineering inkjet bioprinting processes toward translational therapies." Biotechnology
and bioengineering 117.1 (2020): 272-284.
-Murphy, Sean V., and Anthony Atala. "3D bioprinting of tissues and organs." Nature biotechnology 32.8 (2014): 773-
-Hennink, Wim E., and Cornelus F. van Nostrum. "Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels." Advanced drug
delivery reviews 64 (2012): 223-236.
-Xu, Tao, et al. "Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells." Biomaterials 26.1 (2005): 93-99.
-Albanna, Mohammed, et al. "In situ bioprinting of autologous skin cells accelerates wound healing of extensive
excisional full-thickness wounds." Scientific reports 9.1 (2019): 1-15.
-Skardal, Aleksander, et al. "A tunable hydrogel system for long‐term release of cell‐secreted cytokines and bioprinted
in situ wound cell delivery." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 105.7 (2017):
-2000.
-Velasco, Diego, et al. "3D human skin bioprinting: A view from the bio side." Journal of 3D printing in medicine (2018):
-162.
-Chang, Robert, Jae Nam, and Wei Sun. "Effects of dispensing pressure and nozzle diameter on cell survival from solid
freeform fabrication–based direct cell writing." Tissue Engineering Part A14.1 (2008): 41-48.
-Ghibaudo, Cristian. Design of a 3D printed nanocellulose based moisturizer for wound dressing applications. Diss.
Politecnico di Torino, 2018.
-Bohandy, J., B. F. Kim, and F. J. Adrian. "Metal deposition from a supported metal film using an excimer laser." Journal
of Applied Physics 60.4 (1986): 1538-1539.
-Morales, M., et al. "Laser-Induced Forward Transfer Techniques and Applications." Advances in Laser Materials
Processing (2018): 339-379.
-Yanez, Maria, et al. "In vivo assessment of printed microvasculature in a bilayer skin graft to treat full-thickness
wounds." Tissue Engineering Part A 21.1-2 (2015): 224-233.
-Baltazar, Tânia, et al. "Three dimensional bioprinting of a vascularized and perfusable skin graft using human
keratinocytes, fibroblasts, pericytes, and endothelial cells." Tissue Engineering Part A 26.5-6 (2020): 227-238.
-Kim, Byoung Soo, et al. "3D cell printing of in vitro stabilized skin model and in vivo pre-vascularized skin patch using
tissue-specific extracellular matrix bioink: a step towards advanced skin tissue engineering." Biomaterials 168 (2018):
-53.
-Skardal, Aleksander, et al. "Bioprinted amniotic fluid‐derived stem cells accelerate healing of large skin wounds." Stem
cells translational medicine 1.11 (2012): 792-802.
-Hiller, Thomas, et al. "Generation of a 3D liver model comprising human extracellular matrix in an alginate/gelatin-
based bioink by extrusion bioprinting for infection and transduction studies." International journal of molecular
sciences 19.10 (2018): 3129.
-Pati, Falguni, et al. "Biomimetic 3D tissue printing for soft tissue regeneration." Biomaterials 62 (2015): 164-175.
-Zhang, Guangliang, et al. "ECM concentration and cell‐mediated traction forces play a role in vascular network
-WOUND, FORCES DRIVING EPITHELIAL. "A research roundup of recent papers relevant to wound care." Plast
Reconstr Surg133.5: 1178-83.
-Jones, Eleri M., Christine A. Cochrane, and Steven L. Percival. "The effect of pH on the extracellular matrix and
biofilms." Advances in wound care 4.7 (2015): 431-439.
-Garbern, Jessica C., Allan S. Hoffman, and Patrick S. Stayton. "Injectable pH-and temperature-responsive poly (N-
isopropylacrylamide-co-propylacrylic acid) copolymers for delivery of angiogenic growth
factors." Biomacromolecules 11.7 (2010): 1833-1839.
-Varkey, Mathew, et al. "Skin bioprinting: the future of burn wound reconstruction?" Burns & trauma 7 (2019).
-Chouhan, Dimple, et al. "Emerging and innovative approaches for wound healing and skin regeneration: Current
status and advances." Biomaterials 216 (2019): 119267.
-Liang, Kun, et al. "3D printing of a wearable personalized oral delivery device: A first-in-human study." Science
advances 4.5 (2018): eaat2544.
-Poldervaart, Michelle T., et al. "Prolonged presence of VEGF promotes vascularization in 3D bioprinted scaffolds with
defined architecture." Journal of controlled release 184 (2014): 58-66.
-Pascucci, Luisa, et al. "Paclitaxel is incorporated by mesenchymal stromal cells and released in exosomes that inhibit
in vitro tumour growth: a new approach for drug delivery." Journal of Controlled Release 192 (2014): 262-270.
-Park, Ju Young, et al. "3D printing technology to control BMP-2 and VEGF delivery spatially and temporally to promote
large-volume bone regeneration." Journal of Materials Chemistry B3.27 (2015): 5415-5425.
-Masaeli, Elahe, et al. "Tissue engineering of retina through high resolution 3-dimensional inkjet
bioprinting." Biofabrication 12.2 (2020): 025006.
-Masaeli, Elahe, et al. "Tissue engineering of retina through high resolution 3-dimensional inkjet
bioprinting." Biofabrication 12.2 (2020): 025006.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v29.1.3634
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Maged Naser, Mohamed M. Nasr, Lamia H. Shehata
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.