Predictive Influence of Internet Gaming Addiction on Severities of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Nigerian Adolescents

Joy Osagiator Ariyo, Ebenezer Olutope Akinnawo, Bede Chinonye Akpunne

Abstract


Background: The predictive influence of gaming addiction on attention deficit hyperactive disorder among adolescents was examined in this study.

 

Materials and Methods: A survey research design utilizing an ex-post facto design was used in a population sample of 338 adolescents purposively selected from a secondary school in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The age range of the students was 10-19 years old, with mean ± standard deviation of 13.60 ±1.867 years. The 14-year-olds (18.6%) were the highest population.  Most were females (55.9%), while 44.1% were males, giving a male to female ratio of 1:1.27. All 338 students were administered the Game Addiction Questionnaire and the self-report ADHD scale.

 

Result: The prevalence of Internet Gaming Addiction (IGA) was 51% while ADHD prevalence was 9%. There was a significant influence of gaming disorder on ADHD (R² = .122, p = .001), which indicated that gaming disorder explains a 12.2% variance in manifestation of ADHD symptoms. There was also a significant and positive correlation between age and severity of ADHD [Rxy = 0.133; p= 0.01], but there was no significant difference in the level of ADHD symptoms of the participants across sex, though females obtained higher mean scores than males.

 

Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of IGA and ADHD. Also, Internet Gaming Addiction is a significant predictor of the severities of ADHD among Nigerian adolescents. While sex does not significantly influence ADHD, age of the adolescents is significantly linked with its severities.


Keywords


Gaming Addiction, ADHD, Adolescents, Nigeria.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adewuya A.O., Famuyiwa O.O, (2007). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Nigeria primary school children. Prevalence and comorbid conditions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry ;16:10-5.

ADHD Institute, (2020). Epidemiology: Age. https://adhd-institute.com/burden-of-adhd/epidemiology/age/

Adiele I. & Olatokun W. (2014).Prevalence and determinants of Internet addiction among adolescents. Computer In Human Behavior. vol 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.028

Akpunne B. C & Akinnawo E. O. (2019). Internet addiction, problematic smartphone use and psychological health of Nigerian University Undergraduates. International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal 12(3) 1-13 http://doi.org/10.9734/INDJ/2018/v12i330093

Akpunne B.C, Opadere A. A, Babatunde S.I, Ogunsemi J.O, & Ndubisi D.C. (2020). Associations Between Exposure to Domestic Violence, Depression and Cyberbullying Among Secondary School Adolescents. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2(4). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.4.376

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. Arlington, VA: Author. doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Andreassen, C .S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M.D., Kuss D.J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoini, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychoiatric disorder: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of addictive behavior, 30(2), 252-262. http://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160

Barkley, R.A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnostic and treatment (3rd ed). Guilford press.

Biederman, J. Kwon A. Aleardi M., et al. (2005). Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings in non-referred subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 162:1083–1089

Biederman, J., Newcorn, J., & Sprich, S. (1991). Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry

Brown, G. L. (2004). Impulse control disorders: a clinical and psychobiological perspective. (http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/psych-training/seminars/impulse%2 0control%20disorders%203-12-04.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2006091 7065352/http://www.

Chakraborty K, Basu D, Vijaya Kumar KG. (2010). Internet addiction: consensus, controversies, and the way ahead. East Asian Arch Psychiatry.20(3):123-132.

Charlton J. P. & Danforth I. D. W. (2007). Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1531–1548.

Chiu, S., Lee, J., & Huang, D. (2004). Video game addiction in children and teenagers in Taiwan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 571–581.

Chou, C., Condron, L., & Belland, J.C (2005). A review of the research of internet addiction. Educational psychology review, 17(4), 363-388. http://doi.org/10/1007/s10648-005-8138-1

Chou, T., & Ting, C. (2003). The role of flow in cyber-game addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6, 663–675.

Demirci K, Akgönül M, & Akpinar A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict.;4(2):85–92.

Ebejer JL, Medland SE, van der Werf J, et al. (2012). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Australian adults: prevalence, persistence, conduct problems and disadvantage. PLoS One; 7: e47404.

Elhai J.D, Dvorak R.D, Levine J.C, & Hall B.J. (2016). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disorder. 207:251-259. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030. Epub.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, & Mick E. (2006). The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med; 36: 159-165.

Fayyad J, Sampson NA, Hwang I, et al. (2017). The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 9: 47-65.

Graetz BW, Sawyer MG, & Baghurst P. (2005). Gender differences among children with DSM-IV ADHD in Australia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. ;44:159–168.

Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘‘components’’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10, 191–197. Griffiths, M., & Dancaster, I. (1995). The effect of type A personality on physiological arousal while playing computer games. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 543–548.

Griffiths, M. D., & Davies, M. N. O. (2005). Videogame addiction: Does it exist? In J. Goldstein & J. Raessens (Eds.), Handbook of computer game studies (pp. 359– 368). Boston: MIT Press.

Griffiths, M. D., & Hunt, N. (1995). Computer games playing in adolescence: Prevalence and demographic indicators. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 189–193.

Griffiths, M. D., & Hunt, N. (1998). Dependence on computer games by adolescents. Psychological Reports, 82, 475–480.

Grüsser SM, Thalemann R, & Griffiths M. D (2007). Excessive computer game playing: evidence for addiction and aggression?" (http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/15390/1/185698_3384% 20Griffiths%20Publisher.pdf) (PDF). Cyberpsychology & Behavior. 10 (2): 290–2. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9956

Hauge, M. R., & Gentile, D. A. (2003). Video game addiction among adolescents: Associations with academic performance and aggression. Paper presented at Society for Research in Child Development Conference, Tampa, FL. Healy, J. M. (1990). Endangered minds. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Jha K. K., Singh S. K. & Aggrawal N. (2017). Depression among school going adolescents in an urban area of Bihar, India. International Journal of Research in Medicine, vol. 6 no. 8 pp. 2813-2817

Johansson, A., & Gotestam, K. G. (2004). Problems with computer games without monetary reward: Similarity to pathological gambling. Psychological Reports, 95, 641–650.

Keepers, G. A. (1990). Pathological preoccupation with video games. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 49–50.

Kessler RC, Avenevoli SR, & Merikangas K. (2005). Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;49: 1002.

Khan MK (2006). Report of the council on science and public health. (http://www.ama-assn.or g/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/csaph12a07.doc). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2008030 2220652/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/467/csaph12a07.doc) from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2007.

Kim, J.H, Seo M, & David P. (2015). Alleviating depression only to become problematic mobile phone users: Can face-to-face communication be the antidote? Computers in Human Behaviour. ;51. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.030

Ko, C., Yen, J., Chen, C., Chen, S., & Yen, C. (2005). Gender differences and related factors affecting online gaming addiction among Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 273–277.

Kumar K. S. & Akoijam B. S., (2018). Depression, anxiety and stress among higher secondary school of Imphal, Manipur. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, vol. 42, pp. 94-96.

Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychol. 12, 77–95. doi: 10.1080/15213260802669458

Mendelson, J., & Mello, N. (1986). The addictive personality. New York: Chelsea House. Mitchell, K. J., & Wells, M. (2007). Problematic Internet experiences: Primary or secondary presenting problems in persons seeking mental health care? Social Science & Medicine, 65, 1136–1141.

Nadeau K. G., & Quinn P. (2000). ADD (ADHD) Self-report Questionnaire for Teenage/College Girls in Understanding Girls with ADHD, Updated and Revised: How They Feel and Why They Do What They Do. In K. Nadeau, E. Littman and P. Quinn 2015. Advantage Books, USA. Retrieved, June 11th 2020 from https://aaa.unl.edu/2015Conference/Presentations/AllHandouts.pdf

Ng, B. D., & Wiemer-Hastings,P. (2005). Addiction to the internet and online gaming. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8, 110–113.

Oke O. J, Oseni S. B, Adejuyigbe E. A, & Mosaku S K. (2019). Pattern of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among primary school children in Ile-Ife, South-West, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract [serial online] 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 9];22:1241-51. Available from: http://www.njcponline.com/text.asp?2019/22/9/1241/266172

Ofovwe CE, Ofovwe GE, & Meyer A. (2006). The prevalence of ADHD among school aged children in Benin City. Nig J Child and Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;18:1-5.

Park, J.H., Hong, J.S., Han, D.H., Min, K.J., Lee, Y.S., Lee, B.S., & Kim, S.M. (2017). Comparison of QEEG Findings between Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) without comorbidity and ADHD comorbid with internet Gaming disorder. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 32(3), 514. http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.514

Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., Gontard, A., von, & Popow, C., (2018). Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(7), 645-659. http://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13754

Polanczyk, G. V., Willcutt, E. G., Salum, G. A., Kieling, C., & Rohde, L. A. (2014). ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. International journal of epidemiology, 43(2), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt261

Pontes H. M. & Griffiths M. D. (2014) Assessment of internet gaming disorder in clinical research: Past and present perspectives, Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs, 31:2-4, 35-48, DOI: 10.3109/10601333.2014.962748

Ra, C. K, Cho, J., Stone, M. D., De La Cerda, J., Goldenson, N. I., Moroney, E., Tung. I., Lee, S. S., & Leventhal, A. M. (2018). Association of Digital Media Use with subsequent symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity/Disorder among adolescents. JAMA, 320(3), 255-263. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.8931

Ramli M., Adlina S., Suthahar Edariah A., A. B., Ariff F. M., Narimah A. H. H., Nuraliza A. S, Fauzi, I, & Karuthan C. (2017). Depression among secondary school students: a comparison between urban and rural populations in a Malaysian community. Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 8 no2 pp. 82-89,

Ramtekkar, U. P., Reiersen, A. M., Todorov, A. A., & Todd, R. D. (2010). Sex and age differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: implications for DSM-V and ICD-11. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(3), 217–28.e283.

Rucklidge, J.J. (2008). Gender differences in ADHD: implications for psychosocial treatment. Expert Review of Neurotheraputics, 8(4), 643-655, http://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.8.4.643

Salguero T, & Moran B. (2002). Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents (http://he ra.ugr.es/doi/15022742.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130301183609/htt p://hera.ugr.es/doi/15022742.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2012.

Smetaniuk P. (2014). A preliminary investigation into the prevalence and prediction of problematic cell phone use. J Behav Addict. 3(1):41–53.

Storrie K, Ahern K, & Tuckett A. (2010). A systematic review: Students with mental health problems--a growing problem. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2010;16(1):1- 6.

Wan, C. S., & Chiou, W. B. (2006).Psychological motives and online games addiction: A test of flow theory and humanistic needs theory for Taiwanese adolescents. CyberPsychology & Behavior 9, 317–324.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). International classification of diseases (10th rev.). Geneva, Switzerland.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Integrating mental health into primary care: A global perspective. Geneva.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v22.2.2024

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Joy Osagiator Ariyo, Ebenezer Olutope Akinnawo, Bede Chinonye Akpunne

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.