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Changement Climatique Et Transition Enérgétique : Quel Avenir Pour Madagascar ?
Abstract
Résumé: Madagascar dispose d’un climat favorable à l’exploitation des énergies renouvelables. À ce sujet, les informations climatiques sur le régime du vent, l’ensoleillement et la pluviométrie y existant amènent à privilégier les énergies renouvelables dans la nouvelle politique nationale de l’énergie de Madagascar qui ambitionne un mix énergétique profitant des énergies renouvelables pour 2015-2030. Toutefois, le bilan national du secteur de l’énergie en 2017 montre une lenteur démesurée dans la transition énergétique au niveau du pays. Par ailleurs, les tendances climatiques observées démontrent la réalité du changement climatique à Madagascar : l’intensification des phénomènes extrêmes, l’augmentation de la température moyenne, l’irrégularité des pluies sont démontrées par les banques de données de la Direction Générale de la Météorologie. Les énergies renouvelables sont certes, abondantes à Madagascar, mais demeurent intermittentes, délocalisées et climato-sensibles. Cet article consiste en une revue de la littérature récente qui traite la variabilité, le changement climatique et leurs impacts sur le système énergétique, celle liée aux ressources énergétiques potentielles à Madagascar dans l’optique d’apporter une lumière sur la question : changement climatique et transition énergétique ; quel avenir pour Madagascar ? Les perspectives montrent que pour l’efficacité d’une transition énergétique vers les sources d’énergies renouvelables, propres et non polluantes pour substituer les énergies fossiles, il est indispensable d’approfondir les impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatique sur le système énergétique, car tout système contenant des ressources renouvelables sera impacté par la variabilité et le changement climatique.
climatique.
Mots clés: transition énergétique, changement climatique, énergies renouvelables, Madagascar.
Abstract: Madagascar has a favorable climate for the exploitation of renewable energies. On this subject, the climatic information on the wind regime, the sunshine and the existing rainfall lead to favoring renewable energies in the new national energy policy of Madagascar which aims for an energy mix taking advantage of renewable energies for 2015- 2030. However, the national balance sheet of the energy sector in 2017 shows disproportionate slowness in the energy transition at the country level. Moreover, the climatic trends observed demonstrate the reality of climate change in Madagascar: the intensification of extreme phenomena, the increase in the average temperature, the irregularity of the rains are demonstrated by the databases of the General Directorate of Meteorology. Renewable energies are certainly abundant in Madagascar, but remain intermittent, relocated and climate-sensitive. This article consists of a review of recent literature that deals with variability, climate change and their impacts on the energy system, that related to potential energy resources in Madagascar with a view to shedding light on the issue: climate change and energetic transition; what future for Madagascar? The perspectives show that for the effectiveness of an energy transition towards renewable, clean and non-polluting energy sources to replace fossil fuels, it is essential to deepen the impacts of variability and climate change on the energy system, as any system containing renewable resources will be impacted by climate variability and change.
Keywords : energy transition, climate change, renewable energies, Madagascar.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v34.2.4621
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